![]() Reflection coefficients can be read directly from the chart as they are unit-less parameters. Once an answer is obtained through the graphical constructions described below, it is straightforward to convert between normalised impedance (or normalised admittance) and the corresponding unnormalized value by multiplying by the characteristic impedance (admittance). The most commonly used normalization impedance is 50 ohms. Normalised scaling allows the Smith chart to be used for problems involving any characteristic or system impedance which is represented by the center point of the chart. These are often known as the Z, Y and YZ Smith charts respectively. Use the tx line technique to rotate the impedance zL via the constant VSWR circle until it intersects the Re z1 constant resistance circle. The Smith chart is plotted on the complex reflection coefficient plane in two dimensions and is scaled in normalised impedance (the most common), normalised admittance or both, using different colours to distinguish between them. The Smith chart is commonly used to display the relationship between a reflection coefficient, typically given as S11 or S22, and a normalized impedance.
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